XIII. ÉVF. 2025. Special issues1

What is fundamentally different about seamless integration of consumers across multiple touch points and devices? Essentially, the difference is that a company needs to track the same consumer across multiple channels. However, if firms were to manage each consumer separately in a single channel, they would only need to track the consumer within that channel. In contrast, omnichannel marketing by its very nature requires firms to have unimaginable consumer tracking capabilities. Data integrity issues are at the frontier of challenges within omnichannel marketing. Though often omnichannel is viewed primarily in terms of the challenges of integrating channels and managing across channels rather than managing channels separately, to do this firms need to address questions of consumer data integrity across the variety of data touchpoints and channels they manage. Current technological developments allow customers to buy products on a variety of online platforms. It is recognised that consumers have different shopping behaviours when searching for information, evaluating alternatives and deciding to buy products and services using different channels (online and offline) at the same time, which changes their shopping behaviour.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 87-91
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.12

This study examines the key measures used by family businesses to evaluate their annual financial performance, with a specific focus on their evolution in the last two decades and relevance over time especially in periods of financial instability. We conducted three significant methodological types to provide valuable insights about the findings. First, a historical analysis from twenty previous studies of five financial metrics including, ROA, ROE, ROS, sales growth, and Tobin’s Q, were examined between 2000 and 2022. Then, we performed qualitative research through semi-structured interviews with five Lebanese family business managers to gather perspectives about the performance measures applied in their family businesses, primarily in the last five years, followed by classifying these businesses based on the KPMG four-profile business model. Significant findings reveal continuous reliance on traditional measures such as ROA, ROE, and sales growth among family families. Results highlight the importance of family businesses’ governance, generational dynamics, and strategic priorities to adapt their future performance evaluation practices to balance legacy preservation with modern financial demands, ensuring growth and stability in uncertain environments worldwide.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 81-86
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.11

This study investigates the determinants influencing the environmental performance (EP) of Vietnamese SMEs, focusing on internal factors such as human resources (HR), innovation and technology (IT), financial access capacity (FAC), marketing (MAR), environmental governance capability (EGC), and business culture (BC). The research also explores the moderating role of globalization (GB) on these relationships, using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on survey data collected from Vietnamese SMEs. The results indicate that HR, FAC, and IT are the most critical drivers of EP, with GB significantly amplifying their impact. EGC also plays a meaningful enabling role, while MAR and BC demonstrate more complementary effects. Notably, the indirect influence of GB on MAR and BC is statistically insignificant, highlighting the limited moderating role of GB on these factors. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on SME environmental performance by examining the interplay between internal factors and globalization, particularly in the context of Vietnam’s growing integration into the global economy.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 73-80
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.10

The introduction of the new International Financial Reporting Standard 9 has brought significant changes to the valuation of financial assets and liabilities. The objective of this research is to explore the impact of this on companies engaged in other financial activities in Hungary. During the study, I analysed the financial statements of twelve financial companies, examining the manner of transition to the new standard and its consequences. The data were processed and the valuation methods under the old and the new standard were compared. The analysis showed that most companies reported financial liabilities at amortized cost, while financial assets were typically reported at fair value. However, during the transition, it was not always clear why companies had chosen the model. Further research is needed to explain this in detail.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 66-72
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.9

This study investigates the driving forces behind food insecurity in Kyrgyzstan, focusing on economic, environmental, and political factors. Economic constraints, including GDP per capita, inflation, and income inequality affected the accessibility and affordability of food. Environmental challenges, such as climate-induced extreme weather events and uneven water distribution, negatively affect agricultural productivity and livelihoods. Additionally, political instability and governance issues obstruct effective policy formulation and development. Through the analysis of economic indicators such as GDP per capita, inflation, and income inequality, alongside political stability and environmental variables like temperature and precipitation patterns, this research reveals that economic inequality and environmental stressors significantly impact food security outcomes. Political stability moderates the influence of these factors but remains an essential component of effective food security strategies. The findings highlight the need for integrated approaches that address these interrelated challenges. Recommendations include consolidating small agricultural enterprises, promoting sustainable farming practices, enhancing rural economic development, and improving governance structures.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 56-65
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.8

This paper aims to present a wide range of examining the research concerning Non-Profit Organizations in Hungary. Starting with a review of the civic society’s theories relevant to this field, encountering various essential definitions to clear the concept, exploring through the phenomena among the European Union in general defining their mission, motives and tools , in addition to shedding light on the Hungarian Non-Profit Organizations in depth by performing trend analysis to reveal the time series changes using M-K test as a non-parametric approach as well as applying the Sen’s slop method to encounter the trend magnitude. This study examines the financial sustainability of NPOs by calculating the differences between their income and expenditure, provides an overview of multiple variables related to these organizations such as Number of NPO, Expenditure, Revenues, Employees in NPO sector and Number of volunteers. This paper also highlights the emergence of NPOs sector in Hungary between 2003-2023, as well as evaluating their performance on a county scale with providing a spatial distribution and clearing the average revenue of NPOs in Hungary.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 46-55
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.7

Resilience and flexibility constitute fundamental components to foster employee satisfaction and problem-solving. Although a range of methods exists to enhance employees’ resilience and adaptability, coaching remains an underexplored and underutilized methodology. The present research investigated the role of coaching in promoting resilience at work, and increasing employees’ awareness of work-related challenges as a means of enabling more effective problem-solving and decision-making. Data were collected through a short questionnaire, interviews and coaching sessions involving employees from Iran and neighboring regions. It has been found that prior to the coaching sessions, participants exhibited ambivalent or negative affective responses toward their occupational roles and demonstrated limited awareness of the variables behind these feelings. Following the coaching session, participants reported enhanced clarity, resilience, flexibilty and problem-solving skill regarding their dissatisfaction, and they identified actions and solutions. These findings suggest that coaching serves as an effective method for cultivating resilience and enhancing problem-solving capabilities by promoting reflective awareness and action.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 41-45
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.6

Our literature review explores the growing intersection of second-hand clothing and sustainability, examining how consumer behaviour, market dynamics, and environmental considerations shape the second-hand apparel market. Amid rising concerns about the fashion industry’s environmental impact, second-hand clothing has emerged as a sustainable alternative, promoting circular economy principles and extending garment lifecycles. This review synthesizes research on consumer motivations, including cost, unique style acquisition, and ethical considerations that drive the second-hand clothing market. It also discusses the environmental benefits, such as reduced resource consumption and waste, highlighting the role of second-hand clothing in achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Economic analyses reveal a booming market that challenges traditional retail and reshapes global trade flows. At the same time, social and policy dimensions emphasize the need for strategies that foster broader acceptance and integration of second-hand clothing into mainstream consumer behaviour.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 31-40
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.5

This research studies the relationship between environmental cost and corporate financial resilience on major energy and technology companies in Europe, including Iberdrola SA, Endesa SA, Schneider Electric SE, and Siemens AG. Research focuses on 5 years of data (2019-2023) to analyze data using methodology of S&P and Trucost. Profit margin is determined as a key indicator of corporate resilience. Regression analysis reveals a negative correlation between environmental impact ratios and profit margins, suggesting that investments in environmental sustainability can enhance profitability and operational efficiency. However, the moderate explanatory power of the model indicates that other factors, such as economic and market conditions, also influence outcomes. The findings of this research provide insight for policymakers and corporates on aligning Environmental, Social and Governance practices with financial performance goals.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 24-30
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.4

This review article looks more specifically at the concept of capital solvency and its relevance to the investment banks. It considers why solvency capital matters basically as a buffer for financial instability and unexpected losses and how it supports the overall health of financial institutions. This article also determines the need for capital solvency in facilitating the ability of investment banks to manage risk, maintain investors’ confidence, and comply with evolving financial regulations. Key regulatory frameworks, such as Basel I, II and III, are considered to show how they influence the way banks handle capital requirements. Drawing upon a wide range of scholarly literature and regulatory reports, this review provides a succinct overview of the state of the art in capital solvency, its challenges, and how it shapes investment banking practice today.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 17-23
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.3

This paper explores how banking models integrating environmental, social, and governance principles contribute to long-term financial competitiveness. The research is based on case studies of Berlin Hyp, BNP Paribas, and HSBC. Using qualitative methodology, it tests four hypotheses: the effectiveness of sustainable finance, risk reduction in lending, the role of regulation, and differences in adaptation speed. The results confirm that large banks adopt sustainability strategies more quickly and effectively, while smaller institutions face greater challenges. The study concludes that beyond regulatory compliance, the transfer of best practices is crucial for the success of sustainable banking models.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 10-16
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.2

The present study aims to examine the impact of ESG ratings on the stock prices of companies within the European Union. The central question the study seeks to answer is twofold: firstly, to what extent the ratings issued by the ESG rating partners (MorningStar Sustainalytics, London Stock Exchange Group, and Morgan Stanley Capital International) are consistent with each other, and secondly, to what extent they influence the stock price of companies. A sample of 50 companies was selected from a simple random sample of the 100 largest market capitalisation companies in the European Union. ESG rating data were obtained from three independent rating partners, while stock prices were retrieved from a publicly available stock exchange database for the period 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation calculations and scaling transformation were used to explore the relationships between ESG ratings and stock prices.

The result of the analysis demonstrates that there is a weak positive correlation between certain ESG ratings, particularly between Morgan Stanley Capital International’s ratings and those of other rating agencies, which can be considered significant. However, the relationship between ESG ratings and stock price movements is weak negative and not significant. Consequently, a negative correlation suggests that the ratings are in fact progressing in a favourable direction. This indicates that other factors are more significant determinants of individual stock price movements.
XIII. ÉVFOLYAM 2025. SPECIAL ISSUES 1. 2-9
DOI: 10.24387/CI.SI.2025.1.1